Principles of Human Knowledge by George Berkeley The foundations of immaterialism
What's it about? A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) introduces the radical metaphysical theory of immaterialism, which argues that the physical world possesses no existence independent of a perceiving mind. It contends that what we commonly mistake for “matter” is actually a collection of sensory perceptions coordinated by a divine spirit, thereby attempting to eliminate the gap between appearance and reality to defeat skepticism. By asserting that the very essence of sensible objects is to be perceived, it seeks to ground human knowledge in certain experience and reaffirm the immediate presence of a creator. Imagine for a moment that you’re holding an apple.You see its vibrant red skin, you feel its cool, smooth surface, and you taste its tart sweetness.Now, ask yourself: What is the apple, really?To most people, the answer is obvious. The apple is a solid, material object that exists “out there” in the world, whether you’re looking at it or not.But i...